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Automotive revolution and carbon neutrality

《能源前沿（英文）》页码 693-703 doi: 10.1007/s11708-023-0890-8

摘要： The automotive industry is in the midst of a groundbreaking revolution, driven by the imperative to achieve intelligent driving and carbon neutrality. A crucial aspect of this transformation is the transition to electric vehicles (EVs), which necessitates widespread changes throughout the entire automotive ecosystem. This paper examines the challenges and opportunities of this transition, including automotive electrification, intelligence-connected transportation system, and the potential for new technologies such as hydrogen fuel cells. Meanwhile, it discusses the key technologies and progress of the hydrogen energy industry chain in the upstream hydrogen production, midstream hydrogen storage and transportation, downstream hydrogen station construction and hydrogen fuel cells in turn. Finally, it proposes the directions for future layout, providing guidance for future development.

关键词： automotive revolution electric vehicles (EVs) hydrogen energy fuel cell

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A framework for stochastic estimation of electric vehicle charging behavior for risk assessment of distribution

Salman HABIB, Muhammad Mansoor KHAN, Farukh ABBAS, Muhammad NUMAN, Yaqoob ALI, Houjun TANG, Xuhui YAN

《能源前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第2期页码 298-317 doi: 10.1007/s11708-019-0648-5

摘要： Power systems are being transformed to enhance the sustainability. This paper contributes to the knowledge regarding the operational process of future power networks by developing a realistic and stochastic charging model of electric vehicles (EVs).Large-scale integration of EVs into residential distribution networks (RDNs) is an evolving issue of paramount significance for utility operators. Unbalanced voltages prevent effective and reliable operation of RDNs. Diversified EV loads require a stochastic approach to predict EVs charging demand, consequently, a probabilistic model is developed to account several realistic aspects comprising charging time, battery capacity, driving mileage, state-of-charge, traveling frequency, charging power, and time-of-use mechanism under peak and off-peak charging strategies. An attempt is made to examine risks associated with RDNs by applying a stochastic model of EVs charging pattern. The output of EV stochastic model obtained from Monte-Carlo simulations is utilized to evaluate the power quality parameters of RDNs. The equipment capability of RDNs must be evaluated to determine the potential overloads. Performance specifications of RDNs including voltage unbalance factor, voltage behavior, domestic transformer limits and feeder losses are assessed in context to EV charging scenarios with various charging power levels at different penetration levels. Moreover, the impact assessment of EVs on RDNs is found to majorly rely on the type and location of a power network.

关键词： electric vehicles (EVs) residential distribution networks (RDNs) voltage unbalance factor (VUF) state-of charge (SOC) time-of-use (TOU)

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Optimal operation of microgrid using hybrid differential evolution and harmony search algorithm

S. SURENDER REDDY,Jae Young PARK,Chan Mook JUNG

《能源前沿（英文）》 2016年第10卷第3期页码 355-362 doi: 10.1007/s11708-016-0414-x

摘要： This paper proposes the generation scheduling approach for a microgrid comprised of conventional generators, wind energy generators, solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, battery storage, and electric vehicles. The electrical vehicles (EVs) play two different roles: as load demands during charging, and as storage units to supply energy to remaining load demands in the MG when they are plugged into the microgrid (MG). Wind and solar PV powers are intermittent in nature; hence by including the battery storage and EVs, the MG becomes more stable. Here, the total cost objective is minimized considering the cost of conventional generators, wind generators, solar PV systems and EVs. The proposed optimal scheduling problem is solved using the hybrid differential evolution and harmony search (hybrid DE-HS) algorithm including the wind energy generators and solar PV system along with the battery storage and EVs. Moreover, it requires the least investment.

关键词： battery storage electric vehicles (EVs) microgrid (MG) optimal scheduling solar photovoltaic (PV) system wind energy conversion system

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Coordinated shift control of nonsynchronizer transmission for electric vehicles based on dynamic tooth

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第16卷第4期页码 887-900 doi: 10.1007/s11465-021-0653-3

摘要： Multispeed transmissions can enhance the dynamics and economic performance of electric vehicles (EVs), but the coordinated control of the drive motor and gear shift mechanism during gear shifting is still a difficult challenge because gear shifting may cause discomfort to the occupants. To improve the swiftness of gear shifting, this paper proposes a coordinated shift control method based on the dynamic tooth alignment (DTA) algorithm for nonsynchronizer automated mechanical transmissions (NSAMTs) of EVs. After the speed difference between the sleeve (SL) and target dog gear is reduced to a certain value by speed synchronization, angle synchronization is adopted to synchronize the SL quickly to the target tooth slot’s angular position predicted by the DTA. A two-speed planetary NSAMT is taken as an example to carry out comparative simulations and bench experiments. Results show that gear shifting duration and maximum jerk are reduced under the shift control with the proposed method, which proves the effectiveness of the proposed coordinated shift control method with DTA.

关键词： electric vehicle nonsynchronizer automated mechanical transmission (NSAMT) planetary gear coordinated shift control dynamic tooth alignment

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对我国电动汽车产业化问题的思考

郭孔辉

《中国工程科学》 2011年第13卷第9期页码 4-7

摘要：

简单介绍了电动车的特点和发展情况，认为电池比重量大、比价格高是电动汽车的特点，成本、寿命和重量是发展电动汽车的关键；提出了我国电动车行业的一些不合理的现象；指出发展小型高效电动汽车是我国汽车产业发展的战略选择；最后给出了电动汽车发展的路线：市场引导、扶小带大、低端切入、多样发展。

关键词：电动汽车产业化战略选择发展路线

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Regenerative braking control strategy in mild hybrid electric vehicles equipped with automatic manual

QIN Datong, YE Ming, LIU Zhenjun

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2007年第2卷第3期页码 364-369 doi: 10.1007/s11465-007-0064-0

摘要： The actual regenerative braking force of an integrated starter/generator (ISG), which is varied with desired braking deceleration and vehicle speed, is calculated based on an analysis of the required deceleration, maximum braking force of ISG, engine braking force and state of charge (SOC) of battery. Braking force distribution strategies are presented according to the actual regenerative braking force of ISG. To recover the vehicle s kinetic energy maximally, braking shift rules for a mild hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) equipped with automatic manual transmission (AMT) are brought forward and effects of transmission ratios are considered. A test-bed is built up and regenerative braking tests are carried out. The results show that power recovered by the braking shift rules is more than that recovered by the normal braking control rules.

关键词： SOC Braking battery regenerative braking starter/generator

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Techno-economic analysis of the adoption of electric vehicles

Donald KENNEDY, Simon P. PHILBIN

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2019年第6卷第4期页码 538-550 doi: 10.1007/s42524-019-0048-x

摘要： Significant advances in battery technology are creating a viable marketspace for battery powered passenger vehicles. Climate change and concerns over reliable supplies of hydrocarbons are aiding in the focus on electric vehicles. Consumers can be influenced by marketing and emotion resulting in behaviors that may not be in line with their stated objectives. Although sales of electric vehicles are accelerating, it may not be clear that purchasing an electric vehicle is advantageous from an economic or environmental perspective. A techno- economic analysis of electric vehicles comparing them against hybrids, gasoline and diesel vehicles is presented. The results show that the complexity of electrical power supply, infrastructure requirements and full life cycle concerns show that electric vehicles have a place in the future but that ongoing improvements will be required for them to be clearly the best choice for a given situation.

关键词： BEV battery powered electric vehicle environmental impact of electric vehicles techno-economic analysis gasoline versus electric powered cars diesel versus electric cars consumer behaviour

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A review on the electric vehicle routing problems: Variants and algorithms

Hu QIN , Xinxin SU, Teng REN, Zhixing LUO

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2021年第8卷第3期页码 370-389 doi: 10.1007/s42524-021-0157-1

摘要： Over the past decade, electric vehicles (EVs) have been considered in a growing number of models and methods for vehicle routing problems (VRPs). This study presents a comprehensive survey of EV routing problems and their many variants. We only consider the problems in which each vehicle may visit multiple vertices and be recharged during the trip. The related literature can be roughly divided into nine classes: Electric traveling salesman problem, green VRP, electric VRP, mixed electric VRP, electric location routing problem, hybrid electric VRP, electric dial-a-ride problem, electric two-echelon VRP, and electric pickup and delivery problem. For each of these nine classes, we focus on reviewing the settings of problem variants and the algorithms used to obtain their solutions.

关键词： electric vehicles routing recharging stations exact algorithms metaheuristics

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Impact evaluation of large scale integration of electric vehicles on power grid

Rabah BOUDINA, Jie WANG, Mohamed BENBOUZID, Farid KHOUCHA, Mohamed BOUDOUR

《能源前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第2期页码 337-346 doi: 10.1007/s11708-018-0550-6

摘要： As the world witnesses a continual increase in the global energy demand, the task of meeting this demand is becoming more difficult due to the limitation in fuel resources as well as the greenhouse gases emitted which accelerate the climate change. As a result, introducing a policy that promotes renewable energy (RE) generation and integration is inevitable for sustainable development. In this endeavor, electrification of the transport sector rises as key point in reducing the accelerating environment degradation, by the deployment of new type of vehicles referred to as PHEV (plug-in hybrid electric vehicle). Besides being able to use two kinds of drives (the conventional internal combustion engine and the electric one) to increase the total efficiency, they come with a grid connection and interaction capability known as the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) that can play a supporting role for the whole power system by providing many ancillary services such as energy storage mean and power quality enhancer. Unfortunately, all these advantages do not come alone. The uncontrolled large scale EV integration may present a real challenge and source of possible failure and instability for the grid. In this work the large scale integration impact of EVs will be investigated in details. The results of power flow analysis and the dynamic response of the grid parameters variation are presented, taking the IEEE 14 bus system as a test grid system.

关键词： PHEV vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technical impact IEEE 14 bus power flow analysis

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Powertrain control of a solar photovoltaic-battery powered hybrid electric vehicle

P. PADMAGIRISAN, V. SANKARANARAYANAN

《能源前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第2期页码 296-306 doi: 10.1007/s11708-018-0605-8

摘要： This paper proposes a powertrain controller for a solar photovoltaic battery powered hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). The main objective of the proposed controller is to ensure better battery management, load regulation, and maximum power extraction whenever possible from the photovoltaic panels. The powertrain controller consists of two levels of controllers named lower level controllers and a high-level control algorithm. The lower level controllers are designed to perform individual tasks such as maximum power point tracking, battery charging, and load regulation. The perturb and observe based maximum power point tracking algorithm is used for extracting maximum power from solar photovoltaic panels while the battery charging controller is designed using a PI controller. A high-level control algorithm is then designed to switch between the lower level controllers based on different operating conditions such as high state of charge, low state of charge, maximum battery current, and heavy load by respecting the constraints formulated. The developed algorithm is evaluated using theoretical simulation and experimental studies. The simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the proposed technique.

关键词： battery management system hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) solar photovoltaic

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Sizing of hybrid PMSG-PV system for battery charging of electric vehicles

M. M. RAJAN SINGARAVEL,S. ARUL DANIEL

《能源前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第1期页码 68-74 doi: 10.1007/s11708-015-0349-7

摘要： The number of electric vehicles are increasing in the society as they are considered as zero emission vehicles and also because conventional fuels are becoming expensive. Additional electrical power should be produced to meet the energy requirement of this increase in electric vehicle population. To use the existing grid infrastructure without any failure, installing distributed generator at secondary distribution network is essential. In this work, sizing of wind-driven permanent magnet synchronous generator—photovoltaic hybrid distributed generating system has been attempted to meet the energy demand of electric vehicles of a particular residential area. Different feasible combinations for wind generator capacity and photovoltaic capacity are obtained to satisfy the additional energy requirement. Results are analyzed based on energy, financial payback periods and daily power profile of the hybrid system. Based on this analysis, the sizes of wind generator and photovoltaic array have been chosen to meet the energy demand of electric vehicles of that particular residential locality.

关键词： electric vehicles hybrid PMSG-PV system smart grid

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电动车锂离子电池的材料问题

陈立泉

《中国工程科学》 2002年第4卷第11期页码 32-36

摘要：

简要介绍了我国电动车的开发现状，指出了发展电动车的瓶颈是电池；阐明了锂离子电池对发展电动车的作用，特别强调目前的关键是研发适于电动车的锂离子电池材料；简述了作者的实验室在电动车锂离子电池关键材料研究方面的最新进展。

关键词：电动车混合电动车锂离子电池电池材料

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Towards neutral steer and sideslip reduction for four-wheeled electric vehicles

Guisheng ZHAI, Masayuki NAKA, Tomoaki KOBAYASHI, Joe IMAE

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2012年第7卷第1期页码 16-22 doi: 10.1007/s11465-012-0316-5

摘要：

This paper proposes an approach to achieving both neutral steer and sideslip reduction for four-wheeled electric vehicles. The control problem is reduced to constructing a servo system tracking appropriate reference input, where the tracking is realized in the framework of ?∞ control. To deal with time-varying vehicle velocity for practical purpose, a gain scheduling strategy is developed to obtain the controller, where the lower and upper bounds of the velocity are used to obtain a polytopic range for the parameters in the system coefficient matrices. A numerical example is given to show validity of the proposed approach.

关键词： four-wheeled electric vehicles neutral steer sideslip reduction servo system ?∞ control&sortBy=weightDesc"> ?∞ control')" href="#">?∞ control gain scheduling linear matrix inequality (LMI)

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基于极限学习机的电动汽车锂离子动力电池外部短路热模型研究 Article

杨瑞鑫, 熊瑞, Weixiang Shen, Xinfan Lin

《工程（英文）》 2021年第7卷第3期页码 395-405 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.08.015

摘要：

锂离子动力电池外部短路（ESC）是电动汽车常见且严重的电气故障之一。为此，本文提出了一种新型电池热模型以准确刻画动力电池外部短路发生后的温度行为。主要工作如下：在不同电池荷电状态和环境温度下，设计并系统地开展了动力电池外部短路实验；为保证模型参数的物理意义和模型的精准性，利用集总参数热模型替换经典极限学习机中的激活函数，构建了基于极限学习机的电池热（ELMT）模型，实现了模型无需迭代调节参数和模型参数就可以具备物理属性的双重优势，极大提高了模型计算效率与准确度；为了评估模型改进的必要性，比较了极限学习机热模型与遗传算法参数化的多集总参数热（MLT）模型。结果表明，ELMT模型相比MLT模型具有更优异的计算效率以及拟合、预测精度。其中，ELMT模型拟合和预测电池温度的均方根误差分别为0.65 ℃和3.95 ℃，MLT模型拟合和预测电池温度的均方根误差分别为3.97 ℃和6.11 ℃。

关键词：电动汽车电池安全外部短路温升预测极限学习机

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trajectory estimation using upcoming route information preview and neural networks for plug-in hybrid electricvehicles fuel economy

Ahmad MOZAFFARI,Mahyar VAJEDI,Nasser L. AZAD

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第10卷第2期页码 154-167 doi: 10.1007/s11465-015-0336-z

摘要：

The main proposition of the current investigation is to develop a computational intelligence-based framework which can be used for the real-time estimation of optimum battery state-of-charge (SOC) trajectory in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). The estimated SOC trajectory can be then employed for an intelligent power management to significantly improve the fuel economy of the vehicle. The devised intelligent SOC trajectory builder takes advantage of the upcoming route information preview to achieve the lowest possible total cost of electricity and fossil fuel. To reduce the complexity of real-time optimization, the authors propose an immune system-based clustering approach which allows categorizing the route information into a predefined number of segments. The intelligent real-time optimizer is also inspired on the basis of interactions in biological immune systems, and is called artificial immune algorithm (AIA). The objective function of the optimizer is derived from a computationally efficient artificial neural network (ANN) which is trained by a database obtained from a high-fidelity model of the vehicle built in the Autonomie software. The simulation results demonstrate that the integration of immune inspired clustering tool, AIA and ANN, will result in a powerful framework which can generate a near global optimum SOC trajectory for the baseline vehicle, that is, the Toyota Prius PHEV. The outcomes of the current investigation prove that by taking advantage of intelligent approaches, it is possible to design a computationally efficient and powerful SOC trajectory builder for the intelligent power management of PHEVs.

关键词： trip information preview intelligent transportation state-of-charge trajectory builder immune systems artificial neural network